Weapons of the poor
Mrs Son Darakhum is on the road again, this time on a Long March to demand that the government permanently opens the sluice gates of the Pak Moon and Rasisalai dams.
``We need some support from the public,'' said Son.
``We want them to understand why we have to protest, why we had to have this long march.''
The peaceful march began on October 9 this year, as decided by all the core members of the Assembly of the Poor (AOP).
Son said she agreed to march with them, as she wanted to convey a message to the public. ``We have no other channels to tell the people why we have to protest.''
After more than a month of braving the heat, the rain, and now the cold wind, Mrs Son had used up two pairs of slippers. She also found out how many Thais received biased information from the media and state agencies.
She noted that while state agencies have various ways of bringing their message to the public, the AOP has only a few difficult channels.
Mrs Son said the public believes that the AOP is too demanding. To her surprise, however, many understand why the poor are marching.
MOTIVATED BY HARDSHIP
Mrs Noo Ngamdee, resident of Baan Talad in the Satuk district of Buri Ram province, understands why the AOP must go on a protest march.
``We, Isan, are peace loving people who would rather stay at home than move around,'' said Mrs Noo, who came to offer some fermented fish and sticky rice to the rally. ``These members of the Assembly of the Poor are marching because they are very unhappy about their way for life.
'' Mrs Noo agrees that the sluice gates of the Pak Moon and Rasisalai dams should be opened permanently. Her village near the Moon River has been affected by the Pak Moon Dam as well.
``The floods in our village subside quite slowly. In the past, floodwaters drained away very fast,'' she said.
Some 130 village representives facing various problems gathered at the Pak Moon Dam and started marching on October 9. These locals have established a new village called Mae Moon Muan Yuen (Long Live Moon River) and occupied the dam site since 1999. They joined the Long March from Ubon Ratchathani province, about 629 kilometres away from Bangkok.
Most of them walk for five days and then go back to the dam site and a new group comes in. Some walk all the way.
DUBIOUS ELECTRICAL VALUE
After an 11-month protest by villagers near Government House, in June this year the government ordered the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (Egat) to open the sluice gates of the Pak Moon Dam to allow the fish population to resume their migration habits.
Four months later, local residents were joyous when at least 119 species of fish returned to the Moon River. Many villagers resumed their occupation of catching fish, earning as much as 500 baht a day and more.
Egat claimed it had to shut down the sluice gates so that the Pak Moon Dam can continue generating electricity.
Local residents countered that the hydropower dam generated a measly 40 MW of electricity, too little to be commercially viable for Egat.
According to economist Decharat Sukkumnerd of Kasetsat University, the cost of generating electricity at the Pak Moon Dam is about 2.59 baht per kilowatt per hour (kwh).
``But if the government uses Demand-Side-Management (DSM) as a measure, the cost comes down to only 50 satang per kwh.
'' He suggested that the government should not only secure the demand but also adopt DSM.
``DSM is cheaper than other measures. The government should find new ways to save electricity, use it effectively, and minimise losses in the delivery lines between sub-stations,'' he said.
RIVER OF LIFE
For the locals the Moon River is more than a source of energy.
``It's our whole life,'' said Udon Thongnoi, who joined the Long March for a month. Every day, she and her group wake up at about 2-3 a.m. to steam rice. At 4 a.m. they start packing up the night's camp which could be in a temple or Tambon Administration Organisation (TAO) meeting hall.
At about 5 a.m., they start walking. As they walk, they distribute leaflets that list the reasons for their march. Reactions vary: some receive the leaflets, some talk, some turn away.
After three or four hours _ 10 to 15 kilometres a day _ they stop at another temple or TAO office, which is informed in advance of their arrival.
``Mostly, we are welcomed by the local leaders in each village,'' said Vanida Tantivittayapitak, an AOP adviser.
After breakfast at about 9 a.m, they rest a little before visiting village homes, explaining to the locals why they have to do the march. At the same time, they study the problems of people in each village. They also collect signatures of locals who support their call to open the sluice gates.
They speak the same language and the suffering of both sides is shared.
But while some locals give them rice and wish them luck, some feel the Long March is absurd.
``The AOP members should go back and work in the fields,'' said one.
The protesters say they cannot return as they have no other means to earn money. They have neither land nor river to sustain their livelihood.
``Give us back a free-flowing river and we will go home and fish,'' said Udon.
RITUAL POWER
Unable to tap into the powers of the state to solve their problems, the poor marchers resort to other means: rituals and ceremonies. When they pass by rivers, canals or water sources, they pray for the long life of that river or water source, with flowers, candles and incense. In some cases, they pay respects to or worship the river with some betel nut.
These and many other rituals come from their rural ways of life.
Different local groups are fighting injustice by using their own traditions.
In July this year, when Hmong tribesmen in the North were accused of separatism by a Chiang Rai newspaper, they invited their spiritual leader to pray together with Hmong from different groups in the northern provinces. The ceremonial prayer called on a spirit to pinpoint a culprit in the village.
``The spirit usually punishes and curses the wrongdoer and protects those in the right,'' said Vachiraporn Patrakeha, a Thai-Hmong.
The locals do not rely on the ceremonies and wait for miracles to happen. Aside from praying against the Chiang Rai newspaper, they also filed charges.
``For justice to come, we need to ensure the spirit will take care of the matter. The process in the real world is rather slow,'' said Vachiraporn.
When small-scale fishermen in the south rallied to ask the government to enforce the three-kilometre Coastal Zone Law, the locals also prayed for Allah's blessings on those involved in the struggle.
The same ceremony was observed by those who protested against the Thai-Malaysian gas pipeline project.
During the recent World Trade Organisation (WTO) meeting in Doha, local Thai farmers and labourers burnt chili pepper and salt to curse countries that became rich at the expense of the poor.
``We curse America for exploiting poor Third World countries like us. We want America to look at their policies on drug patents again, particularly Aids drugs. We want them to stop stealing our jasmine rice and using agricultural agreements to exploit us,'' said Mr Veerapol Sopha, an adviser to the Isan People Network.
Since they could not go to Doha, the protesters staged the rituals in Bangkok. Veerapol said he hoped the US Embassy will understand the meaning of their rituals and ask the US government to adjust its policies.
The locals ordained the forest during various struggles over the Community Forest Bill, as well as during the anti-Yadana gas pipeline protest.
``To fell an ordained tree is a sin, equivalent to killing a good monk,'' said Pinun Chotiroserani of the Kanchanaburi Environmental Group.
Thai-Karen leader Jorni Odochao said that forest ordinations and praying for the long life of rivers are traditions that mobilise parties concerned with environmental protection and bring them together.
``When all concerned agencies cooperate, we get the chance to discuss things and understand them better,'' said Jorni.
In the past, the locals resisted central government directives by organising armed groups. During the 60s and 70s when the Communist Party was alive and well, some locals joined to fight the government.
``We are still struggling but in different ways,'' said Udon.
``We no longer fight to overturn power but to have a chance to speak, to be listened to, and to have the government implement its promises,'' she said.
This new social movement has its own network that goes beyond the geographical boundaries.
The AOP's nationwide and worldwide networks have members who are aware of their rights. They are educated by experience in rallying and in negotiating with government agencies.
``We want policies that suit our needs,'' say many AOP members.
They struggle to have a chance to participate in policy changes which respond to their needs.
LAST HOPE OF THE DISENFRANCHISED
``Each ritual and culture has its own meaning for the people's struggle,'' said Songyote Waeohongsa of Silapakorn University.
``When the locals perform a forest ordination, they adopt a religious perspective as a medium of resistance,'' he said.
Culture and ritual is recognised as an important form of social practice and symbolic struggle for locals to express their opposition towards a State that dominates their beliefs and controls channels of communications.
``If they had channels to communicate their difficulties and disagreements with State policies, they wouldn't have to use these rituals and ceremonies,'' said Songyote.
He said the burning of chili pepper and salt was originally used in ancient times to curse people who committed wrongdoings, such as those who exploited them.
AOP adviser Vanida interprets the rituals as an institutionalised opportunity to negotiate for power and redress perceived social injustices.
Political scientist Dr Chanthana Banprasirichote of Chulalongkorn University believes that when popular movements employ rituals, they are trying to communicate something beyond their original meaning.
``They want to tell the public that their ways of life are engaged with nature in ways much deeper than the general public perceives.
``They are saying that they respect nature, and that they have their norms which the public should also learn about,'' said Dr Chanthana.
The lecturer said the use of rituals and ceremonies is integrated with other forms of resistance.
``This is a symbolic struggle to resist conventional political groups. They protest to ask the government to allow them to participate in policy-making,'' said Dr Chanthana.
Although the rituals and ceremonies have little, if any, direct effects on changing policy, it does have its purpose.
``Such ritual activities raise the awareness and consciousness of the protesters and open a channel of communication with the public,'' said Dr Chanthana.
Rituals and ceremonies are part of the new social movement, and protests have become an almost permanent feature of the contemporary political landscape.
Dr Chathana asked why the underprivileged have to invest or pay up for any policy change.
``Why doesn't the State respect the rights of the locals. It is in the Constitution. Why do the locals have to protest or use various methods in order to get what has already been promised to them?"